Trypanosoma cruzi infection in transfusion medicine

ABSTRACT Introduction: Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi is challenging to blood bank supplies in terms of accurate diagnosis, mostly due to its clinical complexity. Infected individuals may remain asymptomatic for years, albeit they may have circulating parasites potentially transferable to eventual receptors of a transfusion. Objective: Although risk donors are systematically excluded through a survey, an important residual risk for transmission remains, evidencing the need to implement additional actions for the detection of T. cruzi in blood banks. Method: A review of the scientific literature is presented with the objective of identifying relevant publications on this subject. Results: We discuss the diagnostic considerations of this chronic infection on transfusion medicine and some recent advances in the processing of blood and derivatives units. Conclusion: Finally, recommendations are made on how the transmission of T. cruzi can be avoided through the implementation of better diagnostic and pathogen control measures at blood banks.

Erythropoietin reduces storage lesions and decreases apoptosis indices in blood bank red blood cells

ABSTRACT Background: Recent evidence shows a selective destruction of the youngest circulating red blood cells (neocytolysis) trigged by a drop in erythropoietin levels. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of recombinant human erythropoietin beta on the red blood cell storage lesion and apoptosis indices under blood bank conditions. Methods: Each one of ten red blood cell units preserved in additive solution 5 was divided in two volumes of 100 mL and assigned to one of two groups: erythropoietin (addition of 665 IU of recombinant human erythropoietin) and control (isotonic buffer solution was added). The pharmacokinetic parameters of erythropoietin were estimated and the following parameters were measured weekly, for six weeks: Immunoreactive erythropoietin, hemolysis, percentage of non-discocytes, adenosine triphosphate, glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, and annexin-V/esterase activity. The t-test or Wilcoxon's test was used for statistical analysis with significance being set for a p-value <0.05. Results: Erythropoietin, when added to red blood cell units, has a half-life >6 weeks under blood bank conditions, with persistent supernatant concentrations of erythropoietin during the entire storage period. Adenosine triphosphate was higher in the Erythropoietin Group in Week 6 (4.19 ± 0.05 µmol/L vs. 3.53 ± 0.02 µmol/L; p-value = 0.009). The number of viable cells in the Erythropoietin Group was higher than in the Control Group (77% ± 3.8% vs. 71% ± 2.3%; p-value <0.05), while the number of apoptotic cells was lower (9.4% ± 0.3% vs. 22% ± 0.8%; p-value <0.05). Conclusions: Under standard blood bank conditions, an important proportion of red blood cells satisfy the criteria of apoptosis. Recombinant human erythropoietin beta seems to improve storage lesion parameters and mitigate apoptosis.

Sobrevida de los recién nacidos en la unidad de cuidados Intensivos neonatales: Hospital Central de San Cristóbal. 2012-2013 / Survival and associated factors in infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit: Hospital Central de San Cristóbal, Táchira State. 2012-2013

Introducción: La mortalidad neonatal es el indicador básico para valorar la calidad de la atención en salud del recién nacido. Constituye el 60% o más del total de la mortalidad infantil y 23% de la mortalidad perinatal. La creación de unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN) han mejorado la sobrevida de los recién nacidos sobre todo pre término. El objetivo fue evaluar el tiempo de sobrevida de los recién nacidos en UCIN y analizar los principales factores que la afectan. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, predictivo en la Unidad de Cuidados Neonatales (UCIN) del Hospital Central de San Cristóbal. La función de supervivencia se evaluó mediante el estimador no paramétrico de Kaplan Meier siendo el evento a analizar la ocurrencia de la muerte durante la estadía. Resultados: La media estimada de tiempo en UCIN fue de 16,53 (IC95%: 13,93 - 19,13) días, la cual se prolonga si se omiten los ingresos que duran menos de 3 días. La edad gestacional menor de 37 semanas, y el peso al nacimiento menor de 1500 gramos se asocian a tiempos estimados de sobrevida significativamente más cortos (p<0,01). Conclusiones: La función de supervivencia puede detallar los principales problemas de funcionamiento de la UCIN. Es necesario establecer protocolos más eficaces con los equipos diagnósticos y asistenciales, como la disposición de los medicamentos e insumos de manera efectiva y oportuna para mejorar la sobrevida de los recién nacidos de bajo peso y menores de 37 semanas.

Introduction: Neonatal mortality is the main indicator to assess the quality of health care of newborns. It represents 60% or more of total infant mortality and 23 % of perinatal mortality. The creation of neonatal intensive care units (NICU) has improved infant survival especially of preterm newborns. The objective of this study was to assess the survival time of newborns in the NICU and to analyze the main factors that may be involved. Methods: A predictive, retrospective, observational study was conducted in the NICU of the Hospital Central of San Cristobal, Táchira state in Venezuela. The survival function was assessed by means of the non-parametric estimator of Kaplan Meier. The event to be analyzed was the occurrence of death during the stay care. Results: The estimated average time in NICU was 16.53 days (IC95: 13.93-19.13), which is becomes longer if the hospitalization periods under 3 days are omitted. Less than 37 weeks gestational age and birth weight less than 1500 grams are associated with estimated survival times significantly shorter (p<0,01). Conclusions: The survival function can detail the major operating problems of the NICU. It is necessary to establish more effective protocols with appropriate diagnostic and health care equipments, such as effective and timely availability of medications and medical supplies in order to improve the survival of the newborn babies with birth weight under 1500 grams and less than 37 weeks gestation.

Hemoglobina: una molécula modelo para el investigador / Hemoglobine: a model molecule to researcher

Se presenta la revisión general sobre la hemoglobina, una de las proteínas más estudiadas y mejor caracterizadas. La gran variedad de aspectos científicos que incluye y la importancia que juega en la biología hace que, aunque los primeros estudios científicos se hayan realizado desde el siglo XIX, aún hoy aparezcan sorprendentes descubrimientos acerca de esta molécula, tales como las nuevas globinas, neuroglobina y citoglobina y las llamativas interacciones con el óxido nítrico. Asimismo, el estudio de las hemoglobinopatías constituye un gran reto para la medicina moderna en la medida en que ponga al servicio de sus pacientes los resultados de la investigación científica básica

Alteraciones bioquímicas de los eritrocitos almacenados en condiciones estándar de banco de sangre / Erythrocytes blood bank storage

La forma más habitual de almacenamiento de eritrocitos es en fase líquida. Durante el almacenamiento se producen cambios deletéreos que disminuyen la viabilidad y funcionalidad en el receptor y conllevan a efectos colaterales. Se revisaron los mecanismos que generan los cambios bioquímicos de los eritrocitos